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[[File:Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg|thumb|400px|Coat of arms of the United States of America]]
<section end="American" />
== British Tradition ==
<section begin="British" />
British heraldry (or more precisely [[Wikipedia:English_heraldry| Anglo]]-[[Wikipedia:Irish_heraldry|Irish]] heraldry) is a collection of similar traditions, encompassing both the tradition practiced by the College of Arms, as well as the Irish tradition practiced by the Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland. The Anglo-Irish tradition is also the main tradition of Australia, New Zealand as well as most of the Commonwealth and the most important basis for heraldry in Canada, The United States and South Africa.
[[File:Coat of Arms of England (-1340).svg|thumb|400px|Coat of arms of England]]
[[File:Royal arms of Ireland.svg|thumb|400px|Royal coat of arms of Ireland]]
=== Features ===
'''Anglo-Irish''' heraldry is known to feature generally more '''animal-based and detailed crests''' than most continental traditions.
It also
Traditionally, '''women are expected to utilise a lozenge or oval''' instead of a traditional escutcheon.
'''The English tradition''', while having a system of cadency, does not enforce said cadency. Nonetheless '''cadency is very often practiced and quartering is usually applied when possible'''.
It also '''allows individuals to bear identical escutcheons, as long as each achievement is unique''' (i.e. if there are two identical escutcheons, the crests must be different).
'''The Irish tradition''', being imported to the island from England, is largely similar but with the addition of '''[[Wikipedia:Sept|''sept arms'']], which allow some relations of the bearer of the senior armiger to display their arms freely'''.
'''Mantling in the Irish tradition is typically Gules doubled Argent.'''
Armigers in '''both traditions may utilise a badge and standard''', as well as their achievement.
<center><gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Coat of Arms of Winston Churchill.svg|thumb|100px|The Coat of Arms of Sir Winston Churchill
File:Arms of Fox-Davies of Coalbrookdale.jpg|thumb|100px|Coat of arms of Arthur Charles Fox-Davies
File:Coat of Arms of Kate Middleton.svg|thumb|100px|Coat of Arms of Coat of Arms of Kate Middleton. Before becoming the Duchess of Cambridge
</gallery></center>
=== Authorities ===
<center> '''England'''
<gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:College_of_Arms-Lant%27s_Roll.JPG|thumb|100px|[https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/ The College of Arms] <br> (England and the British Commonwealth (except Canada, Scotland and South Africa)
</gallery></center>
<center> '''Ireland'''
<gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Arms of the Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland.webp|thumb|100px|[https://www.nli.ie/en/services-heraldry.aspx The Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland] <br>
</gallery></center>
<section end="British" />
== Canadian Tradition ==
<section begin="Canadian" />
[[Wikipedia:Canadian_heraldry| Canadian heraldry]] is the heraldic tradition of Canada.
[[File:Coat of arms of Canada rendition.svg|thumb|400px| Coat of arms of Canada]]
=== Features ===
'''Canadian heraldry''' is heavily influenced by British heraldry but takes '''creative elements from other traditions''', most notably indigenous Canadian art.
De to the multicultural background of the Canadian population, this tradition is '''fairly liberal in its rules and adherence to tradition''', taking '''elements of various other traditions and para-heraldic practices'''.
'''Canadian heraldry''' notably uses a '''variety of unique helmets''' not found in other heraldic traditions, such as Corinthian helmets, nasal helmets, UN Peacekeeping helmets, parka hoods, and even astronaut helmets. It also uses a '''variety of shield shapes''', including round shields inspired by drums for some indigenous armigers. Indigenous art styles are incorporated into Canadian heraldry, and some charges may be blazoned as being depicted in a certain art style.
Canadian heraldry is also known for a '''more wide spread use untraditional tinctures''', such are bleu-céleste, rose or even copper. To be noted nonetheless, this trend seem to have diminished in important in recent years.
It also features a '''system of cadency distinct from British cadency''' which acknowledges female inheritance.
Canadian armigers may '''utilise a badge and standard''', as well as their achievement.
<center><gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Julie_Payette_full_heraldic_achievement.svg|thumb|100px|The Coat of Arms of Julie Payette
</gallery></center>
=== Authorities ===
<center><gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Canadian Heraldic Authority coat of arms.svg|thumb|100px|[https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/canadian-heraldic-authority| Canadian Heraldic Authority] <br>
</gallery></center>
<section end="Canadian" />
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[[File:Great coat of arms of Belgium.svg|thumb|400px|Royal coat of arms of Belgium]]
=== Features ===
The different traditions in the lowlands are the result of '''mixed influences, especially German and French'''. It is thanks to the work of people such as [[Wikipedia:Johannes_Rietstap| J. B. Rietstap]] in the XIX th century that the lowland really developed a distinct and codified tradition. Due to the history of the lowlands as a trading hub, it's not uncommon to encounter arms originating from other tradition especially Portuguese arms. <br>
The main feature of this tradition is the use of the '''barred helmet''' (often with a golden trim and a collar) and that for all individual they be from nobility or not. The use of a '''belt''' to attach the shield to the helm is also prominent, especially in Belgian heraldry. Traditionally, the '''torses of Nederlandse coat of arms also have five twists''' contrary to the six often seen in the
'''Crest in the lowlands usually features typically Germanic charges''' such as wings or horns but '''many also feature demi-human figures''', especially those that date back to after the Dutch Revolt (1566). <br>
'''Belgian Heraldry is also known for blazoning not only the motto but the scroll''', indicating the colours of the letters and of the scroll itself. <br>
'''Both system do not have a system of cadency''', all descendent of the armiger inherit his arms equally. In the late Middle Ages arms were often distinguished by changing one of its feature (usually tinctures or number of charges) but this is no longer the case for modern grants.
<center><gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Van Spengler wapen.svg|thumb|100px|Coat of arms of Johannes Theodorus van Spengler and his descendant
File:GreiiN256.png|thumb|100px|Coat of arms of Kevin Haelterman
</gallery></center>
=== Authorities ===
<center>'''Netherlands'''
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<center>'''Belgium'''
<gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Vlaamse Heraldische Raad wapen.svg|thumb|100px|[https://www.sarovlaanderen.be/vhr-homepage| Vlaamse Heraldische Raad] <br> Flemish Heraldic Council (Flanders and Brussels-Capital Region)
File:Coat of arms of the Council of Heraldry and Vexillology.svg|thumb|100px|[https://patrimoineculturel.cfwb.be/index.php?id=7420| Conseil d’Héraldique et de Vexillologie] <br> Council of Heraldry and Vexillology (Wallonia and Brussels-Capital Region
</gallery></center>
===References===
[https://books.google.fr/books?id=Sk0VAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&hl=nl&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false Jonannes Baptista Rietstap, ''Handboek der Wapenkunde'', G. B. van Goor Zonen, 1857] <br>
Honoré Rottier & Marc Van De Cruys, ''Heraldiek'', Davidsfonds Uitgeverij, 2004 <br>
Benoit Kervyn de Volkaersbeke, ''Wapen-schilden in Brugse straten'', Uitgaven West-vlaamse Gidsenkring, 2020 <br>
[https://www.wazamar.org/Familiewapens-in-de-Nederlanden/Familiewapens/a-famwap-wapenrecht.htm WAZAMAR, ''Heraldische Wapens in de Nederlanden'', 'Wapenrecht', 1995] <br>
[https://archive.org/details/armorialgnra01rietuoft/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater Jonannes Baptista Rietstap, ''Armorial général: précédé d'un dictionnaire des Termes du blason'', 'Vol.I', G. B. van Goor Zonen, 1884] <br>
[https://archive.org/details/armorialgnra02rietuoft/mode/2up?view=theater Jonannes Baptista Rietstap, ''Armorial général: précédé d'un dictionnaire des Termes du blason'', 'Vol.II', G. B. van Goor Zonen, 1884] <br>
[https://www.sarovlaanderen.be/contact-vhr Contact of the Vlaamse Heraldische Raad] <br>
[https://genootschap-heraldiek.nl Website of the Nederlands Genootschap Voor Heraldiek] <br>
[https://youtu.be/-kz3jp3r7iU Lecture - The Heraldries of the Netherlands and Belgium] <br>
<section end="Nederlandse" />
== Nordic Heraldry ==
<section begin="Nordic" />
Nordic heraldry is the heraldic tradition of the Nordic countries ([[Wikipedia:Danish_heraldry| Denmark]],[[Wikipedia:Swedish_heraldry| Sweden]],[[Wikipedia:Norwegian_heraldry| Norway]],[[Wikipedia:Finnish_heraldry| Finland]] and [[Wikipedia:Icelandic_heraldry| Iceland]]). All those traditions are very alike with some minor differences. In addition to the nobility, gradually also commoners and even some farmers used arms. During 20th century interest in heraldry has again increased. Assuming arms was and is not regulated, and anyone can bear arms.
[[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|thumb|400px|State coat of arms of Norway]]
[[File:Great coat of arms of Sweden (without mantle).svg|thumb|400px|Great coat of arms of Sweden]]
=== Features ===
Nordic heraldry is a part of German heraldic tradition and is quite similar to it. Arms are often rather '''simple and stylized''', with few charges and tinctures. '''Canting arms are common'''.<br>
Standard heraldic tinctures are used. '''Purple is very rare and even restricted in its use''', but in recent Swedish heraldry used more. Natural colours (proper) are mostly avoided in modern heraldry. Furs are rather rare.<br>
'''[[Wikipedia:Finnish_heraldry| House marks]] were historically a common charge''' in burgher arms, nowadays accepted if they follow heraldic rules and can be blazoned in heraldic terms.<br>
'''Variations of line are common''', especially in Finnish heraldry (which has created a few new variations, like fir-twigged and fir-tree-topped).<br>
'''In Sweden and Finland, the open helmet is used only by the nobility''' and burgher arms use a tilting helmet, while '''in Denmark and Norway both nobles and commoners may use an open helmet'''. The number of helmets above the shield indicates the noble rank.
Sometimes the use of a '''torse is seen as optional''', especially if the crest transitions seamlessly into the mantling. Bull horns, eagle wings and flags are common in crests, and '''the crest quite often repeats the charge or colours/pattern of the shield'''. <br>
'''All those traditions do not have a fixed system of cadency''', all descendent of the armiger inherit his arms equally. Though historical coats of arms are still inherited agnatically, it is often no longer true for modern coats of arms. Differencing the arms by changing the shield elements and/or the crest is sometimes done.<br>
<center><gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Coatofarms-Bielke.jpg|thumb|100px|Canting coat of arms of the family Bjelke (meaning beam)
File:Coat of arms of Ahti Hammar.svg|thumb|100px|Coat of arms of Ahti Hammar
</gallery></center>
=== Authorities ===
Personal heraldry is not regulated in Nordic counties and there is no heraldic authority for it.
Instead, there is a plenitude of heraldic associations, assisting with the creation and assumption of new arms, as well as the documentation of arms via periodically publishing roll of arms.
<section end="Nordic" />
== Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Tradition ==
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Arms from this tradition are commonly depicted on either half-round Iberian shields or on more ornate but still rather simple "Polish" baroque shapes. Common charges include various mixed geometric shapes (often inspired by pre-heraldic symbols of the region such as [[Wikipedia:Tamga| Tamgas]]), arrows and other weapons, celestial bodies. Common types of crests include ostrich and peacock feathers and wings, either plain or with additional charges. '''Repetition of charges from the shield in the crest''' is, too, fairly wide spread.
'''Due to a lack of regulation and precedent, it is not unclear how a proper achievement assumed by a citizen should look like.''' Indeed, mon-noble heraldry was non-existent in this tradition, resulting in a lack of a ranked helm system. The arms borne by an untitled nobleman would have had a shield and a crest upon a crowned iron helm with golden bars and a golden necklace
'''Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian
<center><gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:POL COA Dołęga.svg|thumb|100px|Dołęga coat of arms of borne namely by Marie Curie (Maria Salomea Skłodowska)
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== Scottish Tradition ==
<section begin="Scottish" />[[Wikipedia:Scottish_heraldry| Scottish heraldry]] is the form of heraldic visual identity utilised in Scotland, as well as by its diaspora. It is distinct from the tradition of the rest of the United Kingdom.
[[File:Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg|thumb|400px|Royal coat of arms of Scotland]]
[[File:Coat of Arms of the Lord Lyon King of Arms.svg|thumb|400px|Coat of arms of of the Lord Lyon King of Arms]]
=== Features ===
The Scottish tradition is characterised by '''a strict enforcement of cadency and differencing''', as well as the uniqueness of each entity's armorial bearing. <br>
The idea of a societal clan structure survives in the '''legal fiction that every individual bearing the same surname is related''', and therefore new grants to petitioners may difference the senior arms of their name. <br>
'''Heraldic compartments originate in Scotland''', and are frequently used where supporters are borne. <br>
While conventional heraldic badges are granted for individuals of certain statuses, '''all armigers are entitled to bear a Scottish crest badge''', in which their crest is depicted surrounded by a circlet bearing their motto, with a [https://www.courtofthelordlyon.scot/crests.htm| varying quantity of eagle feathers behind]. All those nominally 'following' the armiger may use a crest badge with no feathers, and the circlet replaced with a strap and buckle. Some armiger are also granted more ''''classical' heraldic badges''' similar to those seen , for instance, in England <br>
It is one of the few traditions '''actively regulated
<center><gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Complete Guide to Heraldry Fig294.png|thumb|100px|Coat of arms of Alexander Charles Richards Maitland
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=== Authorities ===
<center><gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Arms and Crown of the Lord Lyon King of Arms.svg|thumb|100px|[https://www.courtofthelordlyon.scot/
</gallery></center>
<section end="Scottish" />
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